Monday, 6 November 2017

Toomas Karmo: DDO Conservation: Remarks to Mayor and Council at 2017-11-06 Committee-of-the-Whole

David Dunlap Observatory Administration Building, as photographed with my iPhone3 on one or two of my visits this late summer or this autumn. Clockwise, from top right: west facade, showing discolouration on two rooftop domes; north (or, less likely, south?) facade, again showing discolouration of a rooftop dome; a ground-floor windowsill on the east facade, showing torn screen, deteriorating paint, and possibly rotting wood.

Other David Dunlap Observatory buildings, as photographed with my iPhone3 on one or two of my visits this late summer or this autumn. Clockwise, from top right: the 1930s pump house, as temporarily moved from the now-destroyed 32 hectares to the DDO parking lot (on at least one of my visits, I found the pump house incorrectly secured, with a window opening now uncovered, and therefore now inviting intrusion from conceivable delinquent community elements); the Radio Shack; the Great Dome catwalk, showing discolouration from corrosion.  - Not shown in this pair of photos is another heritage building, the circa-1865 "Elms Lea" dichromatic-brick farmhouse, or "Director's Residence" (a kind of Victorian agrarian mansion, with two fireplaces, and in my own DDO days with a wine cellar). On my visits, I found my approach to Elms Lea legally barred by a sign, not necessarily any longer accurate, identifying the building as a private residence. A question for authorities monitoring Elms Lea's ongoing compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act is the condition of its formerly 1930s-elegant interior. An upstairs master bathroom, with marlenedietrichesque, or I suppose joancrawfordesque, 1930s black-and-white floor tiling, is rumoured (I do not know how accurately) to have been subjected to an anachronistic alteration in recent years. I speculate that if there has been such an alteration on that particular element of décor, then other alterations, in that same spirit, and even in conceivable contravention of the Act, may also have occurred. I do believe on what I take to be good authority that in or a little after the 2008 DDO sale to Corsica Development Inc., Elms Lea became the residence of some relation or friend or acquaintance of Corsica. - Corsica legal team, notably advocate Mr David Bronskill: please comment if you are able to add constructive remarks.


Revision history:

All times in these blog "revision histories" are stated in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time/ Temps Universel Coordoné,  a precisification of the old GMT, or "Greenwich Mean Time"), in the ISO-prescribed YYYYMMDDThhmmZ timestamping format. UTC currently leads Toronto civil time by 5 hours and currently lags Tallinn civil time by 2 hours.


  • 20171107T0441Z/version 2.0.0: Kmo added two graphics. - Kmo reserved the right to make further tiny, nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 2.0.1, 2.0.2, 2.0.3, ... . 
  • 20171107T0256Z/version 1.0.0: Kmo uploaded the text of his Committee-of-the-Whole communication.


[CAUTION: A bug in the
blogger server-side software has in some past months shown a propensity to insert inappropriate whitespace at some points in some of my posted essays. If a screen seems to end in empty space, keep scrolling down. The end of the posting is not reached until the usual blogger "Posted by Toomas (Tom) Karmo at" appears. - The blogger software has also shown a propensity, at any rate when coupled with my erstwhile, out-of-date, Web-authoring uploading browser, to generate HTML that gets formatted in different ways on different downloading browsers. Some downloading browsers have sometimes perhaps not correctly read in the entirety of the "Cascading Style Sheets" (CSS) which on all ordinary Web servers control the browser placement of margins, sidebars, and the like. If you suspect CSS problems in your particular browser, be patient: it is probable that while some content has been shoved into some odd place (for instance, down to the bottom of your browser, where it ought to appear in the right-hand margin), all the server content has been pushed down into your browser in some place or other. - Finally, there may be blogger vagaries, outside my control, in font sizing or interlinear spacing or right-margin justification. - Anyone inclined to help with trouble-shooting, or to offer other kinds of technical advice, is welcome to write me via Toomas.Karmo@gmail.com.]

[Some of my readers, especially conceivable readers in municipal or provincial or Canadian-federal decision-making circles, may find it helpful to have an upload of my letter to the Mayor and Council of the Town of Richmond Hill, as prepared for the 2017-11-06 Committee of the Whole. The letter is usefully read along with my many other earlier postings, on this same server, regarding the David Dunlap Observatory and Park heritage-conservation file.]  




Submission by Toomas Karmo
for Town of Richmond Hill
Committee of the Whole
Meeting of 2017-11-06; 
Comments on SREIS.17.021
(Staff Report on DDO Maintenance),
for Inclusion in the Public Record


1. Preamble

The staff report SREIS.17.021 is available from the http://www.richmondhill.ca meetings calendar, as a document for the Town of Richmond Hill Committee of the Whole meeting of 2017-11-06.

SREIS.17.021 gives useful guidance on what might be considered half of the current DDO heritage-conservation problem, namely the infrastructure framework of the observatory. The other half, concerning the three telescopes themselves (a 1.88 m reflector in the Great Dome, a 0.6 m reflector in the central dome of the Administration Building, and a 0.4 m reflector in the south dome of the Administration Building) falls outside the scope of SREIS.17.021. This second half will have to be the subject of ongoing scrutiny by the heritage-engaged and astrophysics-engaged taxpaying publics.

Such taxpayers will be above all seeking to monitor ongoing maintenance of the 1.88 m reflector. Is, for example, the necessary periodic lubrication continuing, at a minimum of once in six months, on a properly formal schedule which such taxpayers can in due course monitor - in the final resort  making, should other legal avenues fail for them, a request for current DDO work orders, or similar current papers, under Freedom of Information legislation?

Such taxpayers will also be paying due regard to the status of the three Administration Building domes - noting not only the deterioration of their exterior paintwork since 2008, but also raising questions regarding their contents. Such taxpayers will take an interest not only in the south and centre domes, with their respective telescopes (one functional, another possibly needing repairs to its declination motor and its RA readout) but in the north, currently empty, dome. Taxpayers will note that this dome was wired in the 2009-through-2016 era, very likely by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, for current-day astronomy. The wiring comprised good quality, current-day, conduits for power, for coaxial cable (as appropriate for a video feed), and for T100-or-similar Ethernet. They will then ask: What can now be done to bring the northern dome into astronomical service, so that the current recent investment in good-quality cabling is not left sitting idle?

2. Factual Errors in SREIS.17.021

Before the Town of Richmond Hill can formally accept SREIS.17.021, three errors must be corrected. Failure to make corrections, as preparation for the Town Council meeting of 2017-11-13 to which this present 2017-11-06 Committee of the Whole is a preliminary, leaves the Town perhaps not duly diligent, and therefore potentially exposed to the potential taxpayer grievance processes detailed at https://www.ombudsman.on.ca.

(A) SREIS.17.021 erroneously asserts that the Great Dome was completed in 1939.

The report uses the misleading, arbitrarily neologistic, terminology "Observatory Building". The phrase "Great Dome" was current in the 1930s. In later years, "Observatory Building" was never applied to the "Great Dome". But perhaps "main dome" would now do, as an alternative to the cumbersome, archaic-sounding "Great Dome" - "main dome" in the revised report, to distinguish this structure clearly from the three domes on the Administration Building. It has already been noted in this communication that of those three, two currently contain telescopes (making the use of "Observatory Building" for the main dome misleading, as conveying the false suggestion that DDO has just one telescope).

But my formal, potentially Ombudsman, concern here is not with the neologism, but with the error in history. The main dome was completed not, as SREIS.17.021 asserts, in 1939. Rather, it was completed in the couple of years leading up to 1935. In repairing SREIS.17.021, it would be sufficient to mention the date of the ceremonial opening of DDO (main dome included), namely 1935-05-24, and to add that astrophysical observations from the main dome started in the following month, in 1935 June.

(B) The Radio Shack dates not, as SREIS.17.021 asserts, from 1950, but from World War 2. Mayor and Council should today note that the Shack was used by the Canadian defence authorities, not for radio but for wartime naval researches into magnetism; that the Shack acquired a new lease on life in the late 1950s or early 1960s, when it was repurposed for radio astronomy; and that the Shack served a third purpose in the 1980s (perhaps also 1970s), as the home of station VE9LHM, licensed under the "Experimental" provisions of Canadian radio-transmitter law for operations on 20.5665 Mhz and 14.6555 Mhz, as a voice link to the DDO outstation which was the "University of Toronto Southern Observatory" (UTSO) at las Campanas in the Chilean Andes.

VE9LHM was in particular instrumental in conveying news of Supernova "SN1987A" monitoring from UTSO to DDO. This supernova remains the most intensely observed supernova in astronomical history, being the most visible since the Tycho Brahe supernova of 1572 and the Johannes Kepler supernova of 1604. Its discovery was due to DDO-and-UTSO staffer Mr (later Dr) Ian Shelton.

Due consideration for the role of DDO in Canadian science would lead to the eventual erection of a tablet at the replicated Radio Shack, remarking not only on the well known 1960s-era Radio Shack work on the incoming ergs-per-second-per-square-centimetre measurement of radio source Cas A, but on its role in SN1987A.

For the purpose of repairing SREIS.17.021, on the other hand, it would suffice to sketch just some of this Radio Shack history, lightly, in just a sentence or two, taking care above all to correct the erroneous reference to 1950. 

(C) SREIS.17.021 is correct in drawing attention to the inaccessibility of washroom facilities in the Administration Building. SREIS.17.021 errs, however, in writing (on page 9 of the *.pdf file) that there is just one washroom in the building, "on the basement level". There are in fact three.

On the upper floor is a ladies' washroom, communicating through a door with the small ladies' anteroom on whose north wall is a full-length mirror. Access to the washroom is from the corridor east wall, eastward through the anteroom.

On the basement level, near the foot of a basement staircase, is a large gentlemen's washroom. It is this that is the object of the SREIS.17.021 incomplete reference.

Also on the basement level, as a small room communicating through a door with the furnace room (in other words, reachable from the basement corridor by first entering the furnace room), is a further, until the 2008 DDO sale formally unisex, toilet-or-washroom.


[End of communication; end of present blog posting.]

Toomas Karmo: Russian History Appraised, on a Sad Centenary

Servant of God Ekaterina Fyodorovna Kolyschkine de Hueck Doherty (Екатерина Фёдоровна Колышкина; 1896-1985), in a photo said at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Doherty to be from 1974.

Quality assessment:

On the 5-point scale current in Estonia, and surely in nearby nations, and familiar to observers of the academic arrangements of the late, unlamented, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (applying the easy and lax standards Kmo deploys in his grubby imaginary "Aleksandr Stepanovitsh Popovi nimeline sangarliku raadio instituut" (the "Alexandr Stepanovitch Popov Institute of Heroic Radio") and his  grubby imaginary "Nikolai Ivanovitsh Lobatshevski nimeline sotsalitsliku matemaatika instituut" (the "Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Institute of Socialist Mathematics") - where, on the lax and easy grading philosophy of the twin Institutes, 1/5 is "epic fail", 2/5 is "failure not so disastrous as to be epic", 3/5 is "mediocre pass", 4/5 is "good", and 5/5 is "excellent"): 3/5. Justification: Kmo had time to upload some rather material of rather limited scope and ambition, worked out to a reasonable level of detail.


Revision history:

All times in these blog "revision histories" are stated in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time/ Temps Universel Coordoné,  a precisification of the old GMT, or "Greenwich Mean Time"), in the ISO-prescribed YYYYMMDDThhmmZ timestamping format. UTC currently leads Toronto civil time by 5 hours and currently lags Tallinn civil time by 2 hours.

  • 20171107T1612Z/version 2.1.0: Kmo added some remarks on the 18th-century rulers Peter and Catherine. - He reserved the right to make further tiny, nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, ... . 
  • 20171107T0228Z/version 2.0.0: Kmo brought the piece to an essentially finished state. He reserved the right to make further tiny, nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 2.0.1, 2.0.2, 2.0.3, ... . 
  • 20171107T0101Z/version 1.0.0: Kmo had time to upload an almost-finished piece. He hoped to bring the piece to an essentially finished state by UTC=20171107T0401Z.

[CAUTION: A bug in the blogger server-side software has in some past months shown a propensity to insert inappropriate whitespace at some points in some of my posted essays. If a screen seems to end in empty space, keep scrolling down. The end of the posting is not reached until the usual blogger "Posted by Toomas (Tom) Karmo at" appears. - The blogger software has also shown a propensity, at any rate when coupled with my erstwhile, out-of-date, Web-authoring uploading browser, to generate HTML that gets formatted in different ways on different downloading browsers. Some downloading browsers have sometimes perhaps not correctly read in the entirety of the "Cascading Style Sheets" (CSS) which on all ordinary Web servers control the browser placement of margins, sidebars, and the like. If you suspect CSS problems in your particular browser, be patient: it is probable that while some content has been shoved into some odd place (for instance, down to the bottom of your browser, where it ought to appear in the right-hand margin), all the server content has been pushed down into your browser in some place or other. - Finally, there may be blogger vagaries, outside my control, in font sizing or interlinear spacing or right-margin justification. - Anyone inclined to help with trouble-shooting, or to offer other kinds of technical advice, is welcome to write me via Toomas.Karmo@gmail.com.]



People around the world will be thinking of Russia on the sad centenary which is 2017-11-07, seeking possibilities of healing. 

In the twentieth century, Russia was bad news for everyone:
  • Although the Romanovs set a troubling example, they did embody a possible future for Russia, perhaps as an  eventual modernizing constitutional monarchy. As bad luck would have it, however, some small number of people in Russia, in the Romanov circle - as I am  imagining it, twenty or so - took a disastrous diplomatic decision in 1914 or so, from which some of the subsequent international disaster then germinated. Their decision was to ignore the so-called "Durnovo Memorandum" of 2014 February (http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/durnovo.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Durnovo), in which  Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo had urged allying Russia with Germany. Had P.N. Durnovo's correct diplomatic advice been heeded, World War I might still have been fought, with terrible consequences, but the so-called "October Revolution" might have been avoided. One imagines the war fought to a mere stalemate, with Britain depressingly humiliated, Kaiser Wilhelm left in power, and Russia still governable by Romanovs.
  • With the "October Revolution" (more accurately, the Big November Putsch), a criminal clique assumed power. The head of the clique, "V.I. Lenin", was not himself recruited from the criminal classes, and yet he knew how to use criminals in encompassing his goals. It is possible that he was himself poisoned in 1924 by his (in a straightforward Tsarist legal sense criminal) lieutenant "J.V. Stalin". - I use the scare quotes around the names of both "Lenin" and "Stalin" because these are assumed names, taken on by this pair of individuals for merely operational reasons.
  • With the 1914-1918 war fought to a disastrous conclusion - Germany not only humiliated, but terrified by the spectacle of a Bolshevik revolution in Russia, and therefore willing to elect any leader who could credibly promise to oppose Germany's own Bolshevists - the stage was set for the rise of the Reich, with its eventual Shoah. 
  • With the Reich ready to start a fresh world war, the exiled, and correctly pacifist, Prof. A. Einstein unfortunately, in his legitimate worries, alerted President F.D. Roosevelt to the possibility of launching a Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project, while confined to mere fission weapons, in turn made possible the 1950s development of fusion weapons, with the USSR now a thoroughly active player. Since history does not furnish plausible examples of powerful weapons left unused, we may reasonably fear the use of fusion weapons in warfare - it hardly matters whether by the USA, or by modern Russia, or by someone else altogether. Such a use would accelerate the advance of our already encroaching Dark Age.
So much, then, for history. Russia continues to be a locus of infection, (a) being still ruled by criminal elements, and (b) now furnishing attractive models to such unprincipled Western leaders as Donald Trump. 

Along what steps might remedies be sought? Politics is rightly called the art of the possible. We therefore cannot aim very high. I do put forward two modest thoughts, which I hope my readers in the Russian organs of state security can in their turn forward to the higher-ups. 

(A) The person calling the shots - Mister You-Know-Who - can now do pretty much as he pleases, provided he does not alienate his lieutenants. And if he continues consulting excellent doctors, and looking after the lieutenants, he has perhaps another thirty years on his throne. He therefore has a luxury not known to presidents and prime ministers in ordinary parliamentary jurisdictions, namely the luxury of planning within a generous timeframe. (The responsiveness to public opinion secured in a parliamentary system, such as I personally favour, does come at a steep price: when our parliament is sovereign, our leaders end up doing much of their planning in four-year chunks, forever fearing their next election.) Might Mister You-Know-Who not now consider acting constructively, in a way which will secure him a favourable mention in history books? It would be too much to ask him to play the spiritual warrior, retreating to a life of penance within the cloisters of some Valaam or Zagorsk after a loudly, brilliantly, penitential abdication. But might he not consider elevating some Romanov into some admittedly Potemkin, in other words into some admittedly powerless, small state-ceremonial position? From such a diminutive seed, it might be possible eventually for others, even long after Mister You-Know-Who's own death, to achieve an eventual Romanov restoration, as a duly constitutional monarchy along Scandinavian lines. Mister You-Know-Who would himself in that case acquire a deserved posthumous reputation for sagacity. Even I would applaud, although I imagine I would be constrained to clap, ever so politely, from beyond the grave.

I have already remarked on this blog (on 2017-10-16 or 2017-10-17, in my posting on Prof. Garrison's memorial reception, in a bullet point starting with the words "I am most desperately sorry for the current situation in Russia") that Russia is in growing trouble once its oil runs out. Siberia, in other words the Asian segment of Russia, may by then be tempted to throw its (by then feeble?) political lot in with China. The European segment of Russia, on the other hand, will have to be saved somehow, in 2080-era terms that would have made sense also to 18th-century Peter and Catherine. The task, in that near future even as back in Peter's and Catherine's day, will be to keep Russia, somehow, admittedly without betraying Russia's own Byzantine cultural roots, in something of a (loose) Western orbit. Every little scrap of work that can be done now in a circumspect Peter-and-Catherine spirit will serve as a bulwark. In making its preparations, European Russia needs every little factory now preserving research-and-design skills, in however poor and feeble an imitation of Germany or of Asia's industrial powerhouses. European Russia needs every Department of Physics or Department of Mathematics now preserving, perhaps through the benign inertia of institutional memory, some part of the old Tsarist and Soviet scientific culture. European Russia needs even every little private nouveau-riche Russian secondary school which, conceivably amid snobbery and  patriotic chest-thumping, is teaching some Latin, or again is pursuing modern European lang-and-lit with some due vigour (perhaps by cultivating appropriate links with counterpart schools west of Russia, as when its pupils are sent out on academic exchanges). The planting of a tiny, ceremonial, Romanov seed now, while arguably less important than the preparations I have just mentioned, may nevertheless prove in its own way constructive.

(B) We all know how compromised the current Russian church is. But might something now be done to foster its healing? There is a potential role here for the one in-process-of-canonization saint for whom I actually possess a (second-class) relic, Ekaterina Fyodorovna Kolyschkine de Hueck Doherty (Екатерина Фёдоровна Колышкина: born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896, she died in Ontario exile in 1985). A short, clear, biography of this occasionally difficult Ontario religious leader-cum-domestic-prima-donna is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Doherty. In pondering her life, we must remember that to be a saint is not to be impeccable. The saints are gloriously individual, each conveying in his or her own finite way some delimited aspect of the Godhead. Such a thing has been compared to the streaming of sunlight through ecclesial stained glass.

Katya, as of recent years styled by the Vatican canonists "Servant of God":  pray now for us now, and pray for Russia. 

The reader might on this Big Anniversary benefit from thinking less about "Lenin" and "Stalin" and their Putsch than about the movement Katya founded, right here in Ontario. A guided tour of her movement's mother house can be had from http://www.madonnahouse.org/Tour/. I hope my readers in Russia, including those who work in the contemporary organs of Russian state security, will be able to spare a few minutes for inspecting it.

[This is the end of the current blog posting.]  


Monday, 30 October 2017

Toomas Karmo: Part Q: Philosophy of Perception, Action, and "Subjectivity"

Quality assessment:

On the 5-point scale current in Estonia, and surely in nearby nations, and familiar to observers of the academic arrangements of the late, unlamented, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (applying the easy and lax standards Kmo deploys in his grubby imaginary "Aleksandr Stepanovitsh Popovi nimeline sangarliku raadio instituut" (the "Alexandr Stepanovitch Popov Institute of Heroic Radio") and his  grubby imaginary "Nikolai Ivanovitsh Lobatshevski nimeline sotsalitsliku matemaatika instituut" (the "Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Institute of Socialist Mathematics") - where, on the lax and easy grading philosophy of the twin Institutes, 1/5 is "epic fail", 2/5 is "failure not so disastrous as to be epic", 3/5 is "mediocre pass", 4/5 is "good", and 5/5 is "excellent"): 2/5. Justification: Kmo's material this time was much sketchier than usual.


Revision history:

All times in these blog "revision histories" are stated in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time/ Temps Universel Coordoné,  a precisification of the old GMT, or "Greenwich Mean Time"), in the ISO-prescribed YYYYMMDDThhmmZ timestamping format. UTC currently leads Toronto civil time by 4 hours and currently lags Tallinn civil time by 3 hours. Tallinn reverted to its winter time on the last Sunday in October. Toronto is going to revert to its winter time on the first Sunday in November.
  • 20171031T0137Z/version 3.0.0: Kmo brought the work to a state that counted, given its very modest aspirations, as adequately finished. Kmo reserved the right to make minor, nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 3.0.1, 3.0.2, 3.0.3, ... . 
  • 20171031T0050Z/version 2.0.0: Kmo made some ongoing improvements of substance. He still hoped to bring this work to an acceptably finished state by 20171031T0201Z.  
  • 20171031T0001Z/version 1.0.0: Kmo had time to upload semi-finished work. He hoped to bring this to an acceptably finished state by 20171031T0201Z.


[CAUTION: A bug in the blogger server-side software has in some past months shown a propensity to insert inappropriate whitespace at some points in some of my posted essays. If a screen seems to end in empty space, keep scrolling down. The end of the posting is not reached until the usual blogger "Posted by Toomas (Tom) Karmo at" appears. - The blogger software has also shown a propensity, at any rate when coupled with my erstwhile, out-of-date, Web-authoring uploading browser, to generate HTML that gets formatted in different ways on different downloading browsers. Some downloading browsers have sometimes perhaps not correctly read in the entirety of the "Cascading Style Sheets" (CSS) which on all ordinary Web servers control the browser placement of margins, sidebars, and the like. If you suspect CSS problems in your particular browser, be patient: it is probable that while some content has been shoved into some odd place (for instance, down to the bottom of your browser, where it ought to appear in the right-hand margin), all the server content has been pushed down into your browser in some place or other. - Finally, there may be blogger vagaries, outside my control, in font sizing or interlinear spacing or right-margin justification. - Anyone inclined to help with trouble-shooting, or to offer other kinds of technical advice, is welcome to write me via Toomas.Karmo@gmail.com.]



This week I carry on with the "Philosophy of Perception and Action". But instead of answering the homework set last week, I attend to rather urgent housekeeping. The homework answer (I think of it as less urgent) will have to wait until perhaps next week. 

As a precaution against administrative accidents, I really should now write up, and upload to the comparative safety of the blogger-cum-blogspot server, my ideas on Wittengestein's "Private Language Argument", adding also a bit of context. 

And in fact doing this now not only preserves my ideas against accidents, but helps make the overall course of my writing predictable to readers. The more dully predictable my writing becomes, from week to week, the easier it becomes for my persistent little week-to-week handful of readers to digest it.

For the time being, it suffices to upload a mere a "philosophical fragment", detailed enough for those of my readers whom I imagine to be in Departments of Philosophy, without reaching the level of detail appropriate for the overall blog-reading public. I had three such Departmental "fragments" at the end of the posting of 2017-05-22/2017-05-23 (headed "Part B"). Here, then, is a fourth.  (I upload it as my "Part Q". Last week was already "Part P". So this project is dragging on and on, to the point at which I almost fear I might end up having something like a "Part Y", a "Part ZA", and a "Part ZB".)  


__recall the intersubjective comparison from Part H,
  2017-07-17 or 2017-07-18:

You (the Gentle Reader) and I, as two fellow specimens of Homo sapiens, are together seated at the edge of a sunlit lawn. You have no way of knowing whether my greening is the same as your greening, or on the contrary is the same as your, so to speak, "redding". But suppose (I write tonight briefly, almost as a throw-away) that your greening is indeed like my redding, and your redding indeed like my greening. Then there is no content to the question which of us has "accurate colour vision", and which of us has "systematically distorted colour vision".
 
  __in Part xx, 2017-xx-xx or 2017-xx-xx, I did put on record the necessary
    caveat, stating that this material would have to be looked at again,
    and would at the right juncture 
     have to be made the subject of something like a partial retraction
    __((quote caveat))))
__we are now at that juncture 
__spose u and i are looking at a glass of tomato juice     
  on a sunlit lawn
  __or again at 2 square of cloth, with wooden top-dimpled R
    and wooden top-dimpled Cyrillic Ya
__I have already suggested that no content to qn which
  of us is seeing the tomato juice and the grass "in their true colours"
  (_and similarly for R and Ya: but I will here just stick to
    greening and redding)
__now I make a more subtle point
__I can construct a hypothesis  re your greening and redding
__two COMPETING hyps re yr greening and redding
  (_in "Part H", 2017-07-17/2017-07-18,
    I only had ONE of these, namely the first of the 2 I am about to give) -
  that
  yr greening and redding are the same as my redding and greening,
  and that
  yr greening and redding are the same as my greening and redding
__now I suggest, rather radically,
  that in one sense there is not, and in another sense there is,
  content to the very question which of these
  competing hyps re "what the other person is experiencing" is true
  __this rather radical suggestion
    is what I isolate as the defensible, correctly clear,
    content of that sometimes opaquely explained thing which is
    Ludwig Wittengstein's private-language discussion
    (his puzzling "beetle-in-a-box" discussion)
__re "there is not":                     
  no true choice for a Deity who creates both of us,
  but has not done so yet
  (_no choice whether to "in future make these two subjects mismatch in their
    subjective experiences of grass and tomato juice"
    or to "in future make these two subjects match 
    in their respective subjective experiences")
__re "there is":
  suppose, having created me, the Deity then GOES ON to create you
__from my own standpoint - in the frame of reference
  established by my
  own greening and redding - I can ask, "does the
  greening/redding second of the two
  subjects created by the Deity match
  my redding/greening, or on the contrary match my
  greening/redding?"

****

__this point is admittedly subtle,
  and therefore hard to bring into sharp focus 
__trying as hard as I can here - perhaps not quite successfully - 
  I ask us to compare, as a parallel, a feature of
  the frame-relativity of space 
  (_it is a feature
    common both to an Einsteinean and to a merely Newtonian
    conception of space)                                         
__recall our own Milky Way Galaxy (in which our own
  solar system sits, quite some distance out from the
  centre) and its near twin,
  the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), about 2.5 million light years away 
  (_and easily examined with even the lowest-quality binoculars,
    from even the most light-polluted big-city site)
  __M31 and our own Milky Way Galaxy are falling toward each other,
    thanks to their mutual gravitational attraction
  __they are two large galaxies dominating our "Local Group",
    comprising a couple of dozen galaxies in all
    __the "Local Group" is vanishingly insignificant in the
      overall panorama of observable galaxies, 
      since this panorama comprises 
      perhaps over one hundred thousand million galaxies
  __although the cosmos overall is expanding,
    these two here-mentioned galaxies are too close to each other
    for their motions relative to each other to accurately reflect
    the overall cosmic expansion
    __to appreciate the overall expansion, one would have to look
      beyond the too-tidily-tight "Local Group"
__here, however, we ignore the grand topic of overall cosmic expansion, 
  confining ourselves to the cozy embrace of the Local Group 
__let us call "here" the place in fact presently occupied by
  the Milky Way Galaxy 
  and "there" the place in fact presently
  occupied by the Andromeda Galaxy
__then GIVEN the existence of the Milky Way Galaxy and the
  Andromeda Galaxy, the following is a contentful counterfactual
  supposition:
  * "It is the Andromeda Galaxy which is here, and the Milky Way
    Galaxy which is over there"
  (_call this the Counterfactual Possibility P)
  __indeed there is a physically possible situation in which
    the two galaxies exchange places: if the two galaxies
    were to receive a momentary impulse from
    a pair of short-lived appropriate forces, arranged
    approximately as 
    what classical-mechanics textbooks call a "couple" (forces
    antiparallel, with each force perpendicular to the line joining
    the centres of the two galaxies), then the two galaxies
    would begin - I imagine the forces soon gone - mutual circular
    orbital motion around their common centre of mass 
    (rather than, as in the actual cosmos, merely accelerating
    toward each other) 
    __after a suitably long time, they would actually trade places
  __even without supposing a temporally protracted process of
    exchanging places,
    we can say, "It COULD have been that the Andr Galaxy is
    the one that is here, and that the Milky Way Galaxy is the
    one that is over there"
__and yet suppose the Big Bang had never occurred
__no Deity contemplating what would have happened HAD there been
  a Big Bang could in that no-Bang contingency say,
  "Well, there are two coordinate possibilities:
  on the one hand the possibiliity that Galaxy A is in Place A
  and Galaxy B in Place B, on the other hand the possibility
  that Galaxy A is in Place B, and Galaxy B in Place A"
__the contingency P is itself only contingently existent
  (_requiring, for its existence, the existence of those
    eminently contingent entities which are Galaxy A and Galaxy B)

****

__a further parallel, albeit a looser one, will help
  with this so-difficult topic, 
  albeit to just a modest degree
__cf Toomas Karmo contingent-nonidentity paper from Austr J Phil 1983,  
  and also Lloyd Huberstone reply Austr J Phil 1983
  (_http://aap.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048408312340991?src=recsys&#.Wfe6nK3SO58)
  __my point in Austr J Phil is that
    although all identities are necessary, some nonidentities
    are contingent
  __"all identities are necessary" in the sense that for every S X,
    and for every S Y, if X is the same S as Y, then not possibly
    X is a distinct S from Y
    (_classic example: Hesperus is the same heavenly body
      (namely Venus) as Phosphorus, 
      and it is not possibly the case that Hesperus
      is a distinct heavenly body from Phosphorus
  __and yet some nonidentities are contingent:
    we can find Ss X and Y such that
    X is a distinct S from Y,
    and such that possibly X is the same S as Y
    (_the distinct twins which could have been born as the same human,
      had the zygote not split early in the pregnancy;
      the distinct tunnels which could have been one and the same
      tunnel, had the two boring machines been steered differently)
  __in such a situation, we have a contingency (that there is just
    one human, or just one tunnel) in which our own actual
    situation would NOT - since all identities are,
    to repeat, necessary - be an available contingency 
    __so we can so-to-speak "inspect a remote contingency" 
      without having our own situation inspectable, as a real contingency, 
      from that remote perspective
    __it is as though a "possible world" w in which X is the same S as Y
      is reachable from our world, whereas our world is NOT from
      the w standpoint a possible world   

****

__this leads me to a further rather radical suggestion re  subjectivity
__consider a situation in which two human animals,
  Alfie and Betty, are jointly positioned at the edge of a sunlit lawn,
  and are both in a state of temporary swoon - as it might be,
  from the temporary pollution of their shared local atmosphere with fumes
  of chloroform 
__let us take it as given in this scenario
  that when the chloroform wears off,
  you and I are going to be seeing the lawn and juice
  in seeing events in the Alfie and Betty bodies - with one of us
  seeing events in the one body, the other of us events in the other
__two competing hypotheses, within the scope of the scenario as so far given: 
  (a) that u are
  going to be seeing grass and juice in seeing events in the Alfie body,
  and I am going to be
  seeing grass and juice in seeing events in the Bettie body;
  (b) that u are
  going to be seeing grass and juice in seeing events in the Betty body,
  and I am
  going to be seeing grass and juice in seeing events in the Alfie body
__I suggest, again rather radically,
  that in one sense there is not,
  and in another sense there is,
  content to the question which of THESE competing hyps is true
__so here again, as already in the case of greening/redding, 
  we have a "in one sense there is not and in another sense there is"  
__re "there is not":
  no true alternative now,
  as the chloroform acts
__re "there is":
  upon the chloroform's wearing off, spose I am seeing grass and juice
  in seeing events in Alfie's body
  __then from my own standpoint - in the frame of reference
    now established by my now seeing events in Alfie's body - I can say,
    "Well, it COULD have gone differently: I COULD have awakened
    to find myself instead seeing Betty-body events"

****

__I want to put the situation for the first of my
  two radical suggestions in a slogan like this:
  "Just as 'hereness' is not a fully real feature of the cosmos,
  but only a feature which gets its reality from the
  given existence of frame-defining things like the Milky Way Galaxy
  and the Andromeda Galaxy,
  so the 'respective subjective qualities'
  of greening and redding are not fully real features of the
  cosmos, but only features whose reality derives from 
  frame-defining things, from actual greenings and reddings"
__I want to put the situation for the second of my
  two radical suggestions in a slogan like this:
  "Just as 'hereness' is not a fully real feature of the cosmos,
  but only a feature which gets its reality from the
  given existence of frame-defining things like the Milky Way Galaxy
  and the Andromeda Galaxy,
  so the 'respective subjective identities of you and me
  vis-a-vis those animals which are Alfie and Betty'
  are not fully real features of the
  cosmos, but only features whose reality derives from 
  frame-defining things, from actual experiencingss-by-me
  and experiencings-by-you"
__can some reader(s) take this idea further,
  making my two slogans clearer than I have here succeeded in making them? 


[This is the end of the current blog posting.]









Monday, 23 October 2017

Toomas Karmo: Part P: Philosophy of Perception, Action, and "Subjectivity"

Quality assessment:

On the 5-point scale current in Estonia, and surely in nearby nations, and familiar to observers of the academic arrangements of the late, unlamented, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (applying the easy and lax standards Kmo deploys in his grubby imaginary "Aleksandr Stepanovitsh Popovi nimeline sangarliku raadio instituut" (the "Alexandr Stepanovitch Popov Institute of Heroic Radio") and his  grubby imaginary "Nikolai Ivanovitsh Lobatshevski nimeline sotsalitsliku matemaatika instituut" (the "Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Institute of Socialist Mathematics") - where, on the lax and easy grading philosophy of the twin Institutes, 1/5 is "epic fail", 2/5 is "failure not so disastrous as to be epic", 3/5 is "mediocre pass", 4/5 is "good", and 5/5 is "excellent"): 4/5. Justification: There was enough time, while admittedly running behind schedule, to write out most or all of the appropriate points to reasonable length,.


Revision history:
 

All times in these blog "revision histories" are stated in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time/ Temps Universel Coordoné,  a precisification of the old GMT, or "Greenwich Mean Time"), in the ISO-prescribed YYYYMMDDThhmmZ timestamping format. UTC currently leads Toronto civil time by 4 hours and currently lags Tallinn civil time by 3 hours. Tallinn reverts to its winter time on the last Sunday in October. Toronto revers to its winter time on the first Sunday in November. 


  • 20171025T2250Z/version 3.1.0: Kmo made some changes too numerous and tiny to invite quick summary here, but more appropriately deemed changes of substance than changes in cosmetics. (He changed a misleading "now" into the correct "not", or a misleading "not" into the correct "now"; he corrected something like "perceiving" into something like "perceiving and acting"; and so on.) He reserved the right to make nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, ... . 
  • 20171025T2154Z/version 3.0.0: Kmo finished converting his fine-grained outline into full-sentences prose. He reserved the right to make nonsubstantive, purely cosmetic, tweaks over the coming 48 hours, as here-undocumented versions 3.0.1, 3.0.2, 3.0.3, ... .  
  • 20171025T1819Z/version 2.0.0: Kmo uploaded a properly polished fine-grained outline. He hoped to convert this into full-sentences prose by UTC=20171024T2230Z.
  • 20171024T1800Z/version 1.0.0: Kmo, already behind schedule, had time to upload merely a not-properly-polished fine-grained outline. He hoped to polish this and convert it to full-sentences prose around 26 or 28 hours from now. 


[CAUTION: A bug in the blogger server-side software has in some past months shown a propensity to insert inappropriate whitespace at some points in some of my posted essays. If a screen seems to end in empty space, keep scrolling down. The end of the posting is not reached until the usual blogger "Posted by Toomas (Tom) Karmo at" appears. - The blogger software has also shown a propensity, at any rate when coupled with my erstwhile, out-of-date, Web-authoring uploading browser, to generate HTML that gets formatted in different ways on different downloading browsers. Some downloading browsers have sometimes perhaps not correctly read in the entirety of the "Cascading Style Sheets" (CSS) which on all ordinary Web servers control the browser placement of margins, sidebars, and the like. If you suspect CSS problems in your particular browser, be patient: it is probable that while some content has been shoved into some odd place (for instance, down to the bottom of your browser, where it ought to appear in the right-hand margin), all the server content has been pushed down into your browser in some place or other. - Finally, there may be blogger vagaries, outside my control, in font sizing or interlinear spacing or right-margin justification. - Anyone inclined to help with trouble-shooting, or to offer other kinds of technical advice, is welcome to write me via Toomas.Karmo@gmail.com.]




In the most recent installment of this long multi-installment essay ("Part O", from 2017-10-02 or 2017-10-03), I posed an open-ended homework question: what further things can now be said about thinking, over and above what I have said already, to differentiate it still further from perceiving, from acting, from the imagining of perceiving, and from the imagining of acting? Are there, at least, some further questions (we might not find ourselves able to give confident answers) that can be posed on this deep topic, perhaps using some notions already introduced in the various installments of this essay? 

This week I will give part of my own effort at an answer, and will set a further homework problem to introduce the remaining part (a part which this week I leave pending). 

****

There seem to be at least two basic kinds of thinking. On the one hand, there is what might be called "thoughtfully being", or with equal propriety "thinking-in". On the other hand, there is what might be called "thinking about being".  

(A) Sometimes it is the case that I am undergoing something (as when I am greening-in-the-passive-sense, or am seeing grass, or am seeing a rising hand). The situation might possibly be summed up with an American Street English use of "being", in the locution "I be undergoing." Sometimes it is the case that I am doing something (as when I am raising a hand; or, again, as I would be in actively-greening, were I, counterfactually, to possess the "Active Visual Cortex" envisaged in "Part M" (2017-09-04/2017-09-05) as the special glory of some intellectually agile species other than Homo sapiens). The situation might possibly be summed up with an American Street English use of "being", in the locution "I be acting." 

All of these various specially personal ways of undergoing and acting (in the envisaged Street English, "these various specially personal ways of being") can, at least some of the time, be proceeding mindfully rather than absent-mindedly, and so can constitute ways of "thoughtfully being". All of the following, in particular, are possibilities:

  • mindfully greening, in the Estonian-passive, Mina rohetun sense (and similarly, mindfully seeing grass - what we call "looking at" grass - and mindfully seeing, i.e., looking at, a rising hand)
  • mindfully greening, in the Estonian-active Mina rohetan sense (and similarly, even for human animals, unable to glory in the envisaged Active Visual Cortex of "Part M" (2017-09-04/2017-09-05), mindfully raising a hand)
  • mindfully imagining greening, in the Estonian-passive Ma kujutan ette, et ma rohetun sense (and similarly, mindfully imagining seeing grass, and mindfully imagining seeing a rising hand)
  • mindfully imagining greening, in the Estonian active Ma kujutan ette, et ma rohetan sense (and similarly, mindfully imagining raising a hand) 
It would be equally proper in all four cases to say that one is "thinking-in". The analytical philosophers of action, the "Elizabeth Honeycombes" and the "Athur C. Dangoes" that one recalls from those old 1970s and 1980s Departments of Philosophy, rightly stressed - I have repeatedly used their helpful idea in previous installments of this essay, for my own various purposes - that one can be doing-A "in" doing-B (as when, e.g., one is entering into a contract in signing one's name, and indeed is signing one's name in moving a pen). It is now time to note that thinking itself can be "in", in broadly the same "Honeycombe-Dango" sense. Mindfully greening-passively, mindfully seeing (i.e., looking at) grass, mindfully raising a hand, mindfully imagining greening-passively, mindfully imagining greening-actively, mindfully imagining raising a hand - all such mindful undergoings and doings can properly be called instances of "thinking-in". ("Have you been thinking this afternoon? - Oh yes, I have been exercising the Perceptual Intellect in so-attentively looking at, in inspecting, in scrutinizing, the lawn"; "Have you been thinking this afternoon?  - Oh yes, I have been exercising the Practical Intellect in ever-so-attentively, in ever-so-thoughtfully, doing my prescribed hand gestures, as I rehearse for my upcoming belly-dance routine on the stage of the Blaue Engel.")

(B) Thinking about being occurs when, for instance, one reads this present essay, and therefore when

  • one thinks about greening, in the passive, Mina rohetun, sense (this can be done without actually greening-in-the-passive-sense; you the Gentle Reader, have yourself been thinking about this while looking at my essay on a computer screen, or else on some page of printout, at a time when you have surely not been directing your corneas to a Macau flag, or to a Mauritania flag, or to a sunlit lawn)
  • one thinks about greening, in the active, Mina rohetan, sense (or, again, thinks about the raising of one's hand)  
  • one thinks about the imagining of Mina-rohetun greening (this kind of thinking can be done even by humans - the congenitally colour-blind, for instance - neurologically incapable of imagining Mina-rohetun greening; "There are some things we," they truthfully think, "unfortunately cannot with our specific neurological handicap imagine - for instance, Mina-rohetun greening")
  • one thinks about the Anscombean, practical-imagination, imagining of Mina-rohetan greening (again, even congenitally colour-blind people can do this) - or, again, about the Anscombean, practical-imagination, imagining of raising one's hand
Thinking about being additionally occurs when one thinks about each of the following:

  • grass (as botany students, for example, do, in pondering chloroplasts and mitochondria: such students are not, in their acts of thinking, necessarily thinking about the  seeing of grass, or about greening in either its Mina rohetun or its Mina rohetan sense)
  • a rising hand (as anatomy students, for example do, in pondering the pull of biceps on tendon: such students are not in their acts of thinking necessarily thinking about anyone's raising a hand, though they admittedly might be) 
  • green light (as physics students, for example, might do, in thinking to themselves, "Well, the wavelength is about 500 nanometres, both in vacua and in media; and at all instants, whether or not the light is polarized, the electric and magnetic vectors are mutually perpendicular; and all the various speeds of propagation in the various transparent media are a little lower than the (invariant) speed of propagation in vacua (and so on, and so on)"
  • chirality (as solid-geometry students might do, in thinking to themselves, "The wooden R and the wooden Russian Ya (я), with their top-surface dimples [I discussed this in 'Part H', on 2017-07-17 or 2017-07-18] differ in chirality; and so do right-handed helices and left-handed helices (and so on, and so on)"
  • the number zero (as students of arithmetic might do)
In particular, the distinction between imagining passive-greening and thinking about passive-greening helps confer at least some initial mild plausibility on the late Prof. Peter Geach's aphoristic paraphrase of Saint Thomas Aquinas, as quoted here in "Part O", from 2017-10-02 or 2017-10-03: The disembodied soul will retain the purely intelligible or logical, though not the sensuous, content of its earthly thoughts. One could well envisage some thinking subjects - some angels? one or more Persons of the Trinity? some pleasantly Catholic humans, in some pleasantly respectable-Catholic state of post-death survival? - thinking coherently and insightfully about "the Toomas Karmo animal's imagining passively-greening", without themselves sinking so-to-speak down to the living Toomas Karmo level (without sinking so-to-speak so low as to be imagining anything).

To be sure, the topic of post-death survival raises questions of its own, which I will have to try to address in some small way in some later installment, once I have turned from the occasionally worrisome topics of "Perception" and "Action" to the perhaps more pervasively worrisome topic of "Subjectivity". - I do write here, "in some small way". I guess that, barring some sudden in-the-morning-shower εὕρηκα flash of insight I shall have to suggest that mere philosophy can  provide only scant consolation for would-be respectable Catholics, yearning as all of us in the respectable Catholic world admittedly are for some rigorous philosophical proof of our personal immortality.

****

I asked in "Part O" whether thinking occurs in dreams. In this connection, I mentioned the story of F.A. Kekulé (1829-1896), who is perhaps sometimes said to have worked out an organic-chemistry problem (specifically, the configuration of the benzene molecule) in a fit of armchair dozing. Today I answer the question in the negative, although in a provisional spirit. As always, I am anxious to be corrected by readers, should I be missing something.

The solving of chemistry (mathematics, physics, chess, ... ) problems in dreams seems to work as follows: One dreams of seeing symbols, or of writing symbols, or of seeing or doing something closely analogous, such as moving chess pieces on a board. [In general, one dreams of what in "Part O" (2017-10-02/2017-10-03) I called things "supporting" thought.] One additionally dreams of the pleasures of thinking. On occasion, one even dreams not only of seeings and doings, but in addition the imagining of seeings and doings. ("So I had this nice dream, see, in which I was walking up the Corso in Rome, wearing majorly cool Gucci shades. The October breeze was fresh on my face in the dream, and in the dream I was imagining all kinds of things - imagining seeing a most frightfully nice postcard in my right hand from Charles and Camilla, and also imagining writing down, in the margin of the postcard, with my ever-handy pencil, a most frightfully clever heat-and-work equation. And then, in this dream, I saw Don Vito Corleone approaching me on the Corso, flanked by two Roman bishops, and so in my dream I cut my imaginings short, and in my dream I knelt down to kiss the trio of approaching rings, worrying which particular ring as a matter of Sicilian and Vatican diplomatic protocol  ought to come first, and then in my dream Don Coreleone said to me ...") Upon waking, one recalls what it was one dreamed, and now one realizes that the dream content - amazingly, since dream content is for the most part merely confused - contains a solution to a physics problem. (Maybe the heat-and-work equation, in this example not even a thing dreamed of being seen, or dreamed of being written,  but a thing dreamed-of-being-imgined-to-be-seen or dreamed-of-being-imagined-to-be-written, really was clever. Some maths or physics students might be luckier in this regard than I generally, as an undisciplined dreamer, have managed to be.) The thinking occurs not during the dreaming, but afterward, when one examines the dream content, even as one might examine an incoming e-mail from some helpful university tutor. 

To be sure, there is also such a thing as the "Lucid Dream" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dream). We dream "lucidly" when we are aware of dreaming, and quite mindfully construct (to take one example) witty rebukes to people who in a dream have been pressuring us to buy frivolous merchandise - well aware that the whole thing is a dream, and that the outright opening of eyelids, to face the duties of the morning, cannot now be far off. In this special case, I hesitantly suggest, we do have the coinciding of dream state with thoughtfully-being (if we are mindfully really selecting, with unreal dream-larynx, the words of a witty rebuke) or with thinking-about-being (if we are, in the manner of the alleged Kekulé, mindfully solving the Configuration-of-Benzene problem).

A nagging worry arises with special force regarding dreams in which one is addressing some practical problem. As I dream of wondering which ring to kiss first, in that ominous Corso meet-up, am I not thinking while dreaming? I have made up all my dream examples in this essay. But we will all admit that in our actual dreams - as we might write them down for, perhaps, some investigator, some day, in some Toronto or Tallinn psychology lab -  there seems to be a lot of pondering of practical problems. It is common enough to dream of being pursued, and of seeking an appropriate avenue of escape. I am unsure of my ground here. Maybe there is no real thinking when the dream presents an urgent practical conundrum, but a mere dreaming of the supports of thinking. I am more inclined, however, to concede that there is on at least some occasions already a modest kind of thinking here, in which the mind is active even as in the more dramatic case of Lucid Dreaming. It is as though we can think when moving real chess pieces on a real board, in waking life, and also can dream in bed, thinking real thoughts about what we erroneously take to be a real Mafia Don and a pair of real Prelates. So maybe, after all, we can solve the Benzene Configuaration Problem by thinking while dreaming - though I am still inclined to suggest that the more usual thing is a mere dreaming of the symbolic supports of the thinking, with their true import being in the most usual cases thought through upon waking.

Wittgenstein is famous for having discussed the seeing of an ambiguous drawing "either as a duck or as a rabbit" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations, subsection headed "Seeing that vs. seeing as"). I suggest, again hesitantly and tentatively, that seeing those heavy black lines as (say) a mallard duck is one kind of thinking-in, somehow bound up with thinking-about. One is thinking-of-being (specifically, one is thinking of one particular kind of avian being, ultimately involving Anas platyrhynchos in the family Anatidae) in the seeing of the lines. It perhaps counts in favour of my hesitant suggestion that if one is seeing the lines in a thoroughly absent-minded spirit, in other words is seeing-without-at-all-looking, then one will be neither seeing them as a mallard nor seeing them as a rabbit. Similarly, I suppose, if one is imagining the lines in an absent-minded reverie (as discussed in the context of Mr Elvis Presley, back in "Part O"), then one can be neither imagining them as a mallard nor imaging them as a rabbit. (No: if either being-a-mallard or being-a-rabbit is in the mind, then some thinking is going on, with the imagining no longer absent-minded.)

What, now, about dreaming of seeing the Wittgenstein drawing?  Can one not dream of seeing the lines as a mallard, and of a moment later of seeing the lines as a rabbit? Surely this is a possible kind of dreaming, although in actual psychology-of-sleep laboratories rare. So, I suppose (subject to correction by others) that here, just as in the case of thinking-under-the-duvet-about-Sicilian-and-Vatican-diplomatic-protocol, and even on some conceivable rare occasions about the benzene configuration, there is a modest kind of actual thinking.

And how does dreaming relate to hallucinating? Here I am at a loss on what to write.

****

The reader who has thought about the homework which I set at the end of "Part O" will now have posed for the philosophically troubling mental feat of thinking a pair of questions drawing on notions I have already used for the (philosophically less alarming?) mental feats which are perception and action:

  1. Is there a possible distinction between thinking "absentmindedly"and thinking "mindfully" - as I have suggested that we can be (a) absentmindedly seeing grass or mindfully seeing (looking at) grass, (b) absentmindedly raising a hand or mindfully raising a hand, (c) absentmindedly imagining the seeing of something or mindfully imagining the seeing of that thing ("Well, I am imagining that notorious line drawing, and I am saying to myself at this moment, MALLARD! MALLARD! - and now, instead, RABBIT! RABBIT!"), and (d) absentmindedly imagining doing something or mindfully imagining doing that thing? 
  2. Is there a possible distinction between thinking "actively" and thinking "passively" - a distinction, that is, mirroring the distinction between actively and passively "greening", and again the distinction between actively imagining (as in anxious insomnia) and passively imagining (as at the blissful edge of approaching sleep)? 
I tentatively suggest a "no" in both cases.

  1. As far as I can see, the notion of absentmindedly thinking-about-being is a contradiction in terms. The closest we can come to this is absentmindedly imagining, whether actively or passively, some pencil writing some helpful thermodynamics equation, or one's writing an equation. (Here are two things to be imagined - one Perceptual, one Agentual - with each to be imagined either actively or passively. So we have here fully four distinct ways of being absentminded.) Such imagining is an imagining of the mere "supports" of thinking. If thermodynamics thinking ever does occur, it is not in that act of imagining, but in a subsequent act of recalling and pondering - in a mental feat akin to the recalling and pondering of some diagram once seen on the blackboard, or of some words once heard on the radio. - Still more is it a contradiction in terms to suppose someone to be absentmindedly "thoughtfully being". If you are thoughtfully, say, raising an arm, perhaps while rehearsing for the Blaue Engel stage show, then you are doing so mindfully - and yet the performance of mindfully-raising-an-arm cannot itself be mindless. (That is to say, one cannot be mindlessly mindfully-raising-an-arm. "Mindfully" and "mindlessly" are in this respect a different kind of adverbial-contraries pair from the contraries "right-handedly and "left-handedly", as say, applied to a spring of 1-millimetre coil radius coiled up loosely in a wide-mouthed jar of radius 5 centimetres, for convenient storage. Such a spring could be right-handedly left-handedly coiling - as one should point out, with an actual left-handed spring coiled up in lazy right-handed turns in a big glass jar,  to K12 students, when being duly thorough in teaching them chirality.)
  2. There is, to be sure, such a thing as "compulsive ideation". This thing, however, occurs at the level of imagining, and not at the level of thoughtfully being or thoughtfully thinking about being. Let me try here to envisage, extrapolating in extravagant drama-queen style from my own modest private experiences, which it might mean to be an actual hospital patient, mentally ill with actual intergenerational PTSD, and specifically through "being obsessed with the Camps". In what would that consist? Simply in one's imagining, compulsively, - and for the most part passively, for the most part no doubt wishing not to be enduring such intrusive imagery - the cattle cars, the piles of cadavers, the ovens, day upon sombre day. The imaginings are not themselves thinkings. They are at best supports for episodes of thinking. The nurse may well say, "This psychiatric patient is passive in respect of his imaginings," without thereby touching on the patient's thoughts. For all the nurse has said, it might be that the patient, while perpetually imagining the Camps, is at some instants in his sombre day (a) thinking about the Camps (as in pondering, in the footsteps of professional philosophers-of-law and professional ethicists, the correctness or incorrectness of the 1945 "Collective Guilt" suggestion), at other instants (b) being-thoughtfully (being in a particular imaginative state, and mindfully being in it) while not thinking-about-being, and at yet other instants (c) neither thinking-about-being nor even being-thoughtfully. (Instants in the third category are instants at which the envisaged psychiatric patient is in sheer - no doubt in fortunate - absentmindedness either performing or enduring the imagining, perhaps while now pottering about, calmly enough, in the hospital's Occupational Therapy rooms.) 
In suggesting a negative answer to the second question, I am rejecting the idea that thoughts (as distinct from imaginings) "might on occasion be forced into one's head".

****

It is appropriate to finish by setting up a piece of homework. What more can be said on the topic of "Thinking about Being"? In the last installment, I mentioned thinking about chirality and thinking about zero. Consider now a third example of mathematical thinking, namely thinking about randomness and nonrandomness. Let the Gentle Reader consider what is meant by claiming an infinite sequence of bits - say, a sequence that begins 10100010000001011011101100101110... - to be "random", or again to be "not random". We in some sense "rationally expect, without asserting certainty" that in a truly random sequence, any finite segment that is "sufficiently long" will contain "approximately equal numbers of ON bits and OFF bits". But what is meant here by the words "rationally expect" and "sufficiently" and "approximately"? Is it at all possible to give a rigorous definition of "random" and "nonrandom", free of such cheap weasel words?

O Gentle reader: Is the concept of a Turing Machine, with its infinite, initially blank, read-write tape and its program of finite length, helpful in the quest for rigour? The challenge is to (a) try, as one's best effort, to write definitions of the concept of "random sequence'" and "nonrandom sequence" which somehow incorporate such phrases as "There exists at least one Turing Machine such that zacka-zacka," or again "Every Turing Machine which is such that zecka-zecka is such that zicka-zicka," and to (b) write out some critique of the proffered best-effort definitions - a critique perhaps sympathetic, perhaps unsympathetic, and perhaps comprising even a mixture of the sympathetic and the unsympathetic.

In writing out the critique, the Gentle Reader should consider also the question, "On my definition, does it become a known fact that somewhere in the vast universe of infinite bit-sequences, some truly random sequences do exist? Or is this, rather, a point on which, under my best-efforts definition, humanity is doomed to agnosticism?"

And finally, the Gentle Reader should try to relate this example to the notion of thinking-about-being, perhaps seeking with the aid of this troubling, concept-of-randomness/concept-of-nonrandomness example, to show that the notion features hard-to-plumb depths.  

In providing a solution for the homework - I hope, in the next installment - I rather expect to be referring to the Wittgenstein "now-I-know-how-to-go-on" infinite-sequence scenario with which I ended "Part O".

Some readers may be helped in the homework by the following minor remarks, with which I shall have to end this week:

  • In practical engineering, it is required that people should have available to them random bit sequences, or at any rate sequences that in some (philosophically troubling!) sense manage to be "close enough to being random, without being truly random". Here is a practical illustration. We are in a branch of government, procuring many tens of thousands of halogen light bulbs as a shipment from some corporation. We write into the contract a stipulation  regarding quality - "In a random sampling of 700 bulbs in our own civil-service workshops, at least 99.9% of the bulbs in the shipment shall be found to achieve a lifetime exceeding 500 hours, when run by us at a voltage 50% higher than the vendor's advertised power-mains rating." We, as government officials, now set aside the three weeks needed for that 500-hour test, selecting 700 bulbs "at random" from the big ocean-shipping container. To our dismay, we get a poor outcome, with just 92.1% of the tested bulbs lasting the full 500 hours. So we send that ocean-shipping container, with its many tens of thousands of untested, but now untrusted, bubs back, and we decline to pay the invoice. To our further dismay, the corporation is not only disagreeable, but even impertinent, going so far as to sue us. What happens in court? Some lawyer defends the corporation, challenging us to prove that we selected our disappointing bulbs, as it was written in our mutually binding contract, "at random". Well, we reply, we in the Government of Canada (or in the Government of Estonia, or whatever) did not do anything so crude, and so open to legal challenge, as to draw the bulbs at whim, with our own itchy little fingers. No Ma'am, no, Your Honour: we were correctly rigorous, as per the contract. We asked a government statistician to supply us with some finite-length initial segment of a random bit sequence. We drew the bulbs for testing not at our whim (we concede to the Court that a whim, however innocent, can harbour unconscious bias), but under the guidance of the bit-sequence our official statistician had written for us. (We perhaps took the first few thousand bits and chopped them into octets, as when 10100010000001011011101100101110...gets chopped into 10100010,  00000101, 10111011, 00101110, ... . Each octet is the binary representation of some integer in the range 0, 1, 2, ..., 256. So now we had lots and lots of random integers, in convenient decimal notation on our clipboards at the shipping dock. We thereupon used our clipboards to work out which pallets to unload, and from which pallets to extract which carton(s), and from which carton(s) to pull out which particular bulb(s) for testing.) So we explain, in that scary courtroom. And now the scary corporate lawyer asks us, "How do you know your test-regulating sequence to have been truly random?" On our ability to answer the lawyer's comeback question now turns our legal case, with perhaps many hundred thousand dollars of taxpayers' money (or many hundred thousand Euros of taxpayers' money, or whatever) now at stake. 
  • The practical engineering task is addressed from Switzerland by an American thinker, Mr or Dr John Walker, who earlier in his life was instrumental in the development of CAD-CAM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(programmer)). This authority, mindful of the need for random numbers in industry and government, offers a random-number server at  https://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits/. One might in the same spirit cite a further example, the Australian National University's random-number-server offering at https://qrng.anu.edu.au/.
  • Turing Machines are conceptually less scary than they perhaps sound. The topic is (a) readily researched through Google, and (b) already appropriate for inclusion in the humble K12 curriculum, let alone in such things as third-year university logic. 
  • In pondering Turing Machines and randomness, one can usefully ask, in the spirit of my remarks from "Part O", "The (clearly infinite) collection of possible finite-program-length, infinite-initially-blank-tape, Turing Machines is an infinite collection of what order of infinity? Have we here a collection which is infinite in the modest sense in which the positive integers are an infinite collection? Or have we instead a collection infinite in, say, the sense [as noted in 'Part O', less modest] in which the entire collection of infinite bit-strings is infinite?" 

[This is the end of the present blog posting.]